warm sweet earthy pungent







14th century 15th century 16th century 17th century







Mediterranean South asia Europe Central America







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Black pepper
Star Anise
Asafoetida
Bay Leaf
Black Mustard
Caraway
Cassia
Cardamom
Cayenne pepper
Clove
Cumin
Cocao
Dill seeds
Celery Seeds
Fennel
Fenugreek
Holy Basil
Basil
Lavender
Nutmeg
Black pepper